Internet Essays (2669 words) - Negotiation, Dispute Resolution

Internet 1.0 INTRODUCTION Negotiation is a common word that always appears in our personal and professional lives. Business is also negotiating. From the day you start thinking about having your own company, you are negotiating every step of the way. We negotiate when we buy office furniture, or when we do a project with co-worker, or when we are dealing with customers or even business partners. You will pay a price if you do not recognise the process for negotiation. Sometimes it is easy to negotiate, but other times, when we have a great deal at stake or we are upset, the task can be intimidating or difficult. In this paper, we are going to talk about what negotiation is, some stages, rules, strategies, etc. that can help you work and negotiate more effectively with your customer, co-workers, and boss. Also, they are also applicable to other interpersonal situations. (http://members.nbci.com/_XMCM/cooperate/neg.htm) & (http://www.findarticles.com/cf_1/m1471/n3_v20/20350497/print.jhtml) 2.0 FINDINGS 2.1 What negotiation means Negotiation is the process through which two or more parties seek an acceptable rate of exchange for items they own or control. (Meredith & Mantel, 2000, p.229) Negotiation is a field of knowledge and endeavor that focuses on gaining the favor of people from whom we want things. (Meredith & Mantel, 2000, p.229) Negotiating is an inter-personal process. Each negotiating situation is different and influenced by each partys skills, attitudes and style. Understanding the negotiation process and the party involved with allow us to manage negotiation easier in satisfying both parties interest. Increase your salary; get you a better position; gather support for your project or department; gain approval for a budget; and improve your chance for success on the job are the reasons for negotiation. You will benefit through the process of negotiation if you success at the end. Therefore, it pays to overcome your aversion to haggling and your negotiating skills will be improved through the entire process. (http://www.findarticles.com/cf_1/m1471/n3_v20/20350497/print.jhtml) & (http://www.smartbiz.com/sbs/arts/bly60.htm) 2.2 Types of Negotiation Within Organization 2.2.1 Horizontal or In-Team Negotiations STAFF (PARTY A) STAFF (PARTY B) (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) This type of negotiation refers to negotiations within group. Examples of this type of negotiation include assigning project responsibility, project meeting date and time, etc.) 2.2.2 Vertical Negotiations (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) This type of negotiation refers to negotiations within organization. Normally this type of negotiations occurs between Manager to Staff, Management to Manager, Staff to Customers, etc. 2.2.3 External Negotiations (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) This type of negotiation includes some external bodies such as Government, Trade Associations, etc. Company policy and Trade policy are examples of the issues to be negotiated. 2.2.4 Others Other types of negotiations include spokesperson negotiations, subcommittee negotiations, and multilateral negotiations, which are normally, occur in an informal private conference between staff. Member 1 in Party A have an informal conversation with Member 1 in Party B is an example of informal private conference. (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) 2.3 Possible outcomes of Negotiation 2.3.1 Integrative (Win-Win) Integrative refers to a type of negotiation outcomes, which is a both sides WIN situation. Both parties cooperate in the negotiation process to maximize and distribute resources fairly to achieve mutual benefits. Integrative outcome is an ideal outcome that can maintain relationship with others for further development. (http://www.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/negot3.htm) 2.3.2 Distributive (Win-Lose) Distributive refers to a type of negotiation outcomes, which are one side WIN and one side LOSE. The main reason of ending up a Win-Lose situation is one persons interests oppose the others and to maximise ones own interests. The dominant strategies in this mode include manipulation, forcing, and withholding information. (http://www.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/negot3.htm) 2.4 Types of negotiators Negotiation is always affected by the personality of the negotiators. There are 2 main types of negotiator personality. They are: 2.4.1 Autocratic Negotiators Autocratic Negotiators clearly understand what they want and need in the negotiation process. But very often, you will find this type of negotiators fail to negotiate effectively because they do not have the ability to listen the need of the other party to figure the big picture of the negotiation issue. (http://www.onlinewbc.org/Docs/manage/negotiating.html) 2.4.2 Accommodating Negotiators Accommodating Negotiators are more concerned about what the other party want than their own needs. Accommodating Negotiators try to avoid argue and conflict arise in the negotiation process by giving certain amount of compromise, sometimes even override their own interest. (http://www.onlinewbc.org/Docs/manage/negotiating.html) 2.4.3 Good Negotiators The project manager must be a highly skilled negotiator in order to meet the high demands of a job of a project manager. A good/highly skilled negotiator

The Malibu adverts Essay Example

The Malibu adverts Essay Example The Malibu adverts Essay The Malibu adverts Essay These variables will affect the answer, as each person is different so these variables help to conclude an answer for each person. Examples of how advertising leads people into debts are : 1. ) QVC and other shopping channels tell you the product is useful and is needed. They advertise it well and tell you, you can afford it whatever your economic situation. People also dont realise how much they are spending on their credit card until its too late and they are in debt. They will then go to a bank and will fail to pay back the money there as well, once people get into debt they get further and further unless they get out early. 2. ) DFS adverts entice you in, you pay a little each month and you get a sofa or 3s of these are : 3. ) Baines and Ernst, they pay off your debts and then you pay them so much each month, they sort out all of your economic problems and are a strong reputable business. However the same can apply for them, but they can adjust your payments if you have changed in 6 months time. Although sometimes you can fall in debt here, they are meant to help. The adverts on TV tell you 9/10 people say this service had a positive effect on their life. 4. ) Lombard Direct will give you a loan for anything from i 8,000 to i 15,000, this can help you pay off debts and only pay back one company, this helps as you can then get on with your life. Although this can also lead you into further debts but is there to help you. Their adverts on TV are on all the time and are easy to remember. The problem with debt is you have to have a secure job and house first before you even consider borrowing money, also put some away before even considering borrowing money off big company or bank. This way you will not be drawn into debt. There is no definite answer as all people are individual economically as well. Advertising reflects the sort of society we live in. This again is a question based on a few principles, they are : Which advert it is What a persons view of our society is These views matter when it comes to answering a question like this. If the advert is stupid like the Andrex one then it will not reflect the kind of society we live in, if like the Baines and Ernst one then it may reflect the kind of society we live in. It also depends on what peoples perception of our society is, OAPs will probably have a totally different view of society from someone in their 30s or a teenager. Examples of adverts that reflect the kind of society we live in are : 1. ) The Army adverts show that the army needs people to join, this shows the society we live in is one with a great need or a military power still. The same can probably be said for the navy and the air force. It shown that our society reaches for fists first, talk later. This was the Israeli Palestinian wars still going on, and also the Afghanistan conflict against the Taliban and Al-Queda forces. This in a way symbolises that people have no patriotism. 2. ) The various debt adverts offering people money also reflect the society we live in, they show people get into debt problems easier and now have much higher materialistic needs now then ever before. Shopping channels dont help this situation either, they only add to peoples materialistic needs by offering them things cheap and easy, this may have people overdrawing their credit cards. However not all adverts reflect what sort of society we live in, examples of these are: 3. ) The Imperial Leather advert which has the dancing duck doesnt reflect the sort of society we live in but tells you that Imperial Leather is a rich soap with lots of lather. Therefore this advert shows nothing about the sort of society we live in but that Imperial Leather is a good soap. 4.) Adverts on the radio for cheap conservatories are another example of how our society is not always reflected by adverts, this just tells you, you can get a cheap conservatory, however it does in a way show the materialistic side of our society. Overall adverts will try to represent our society because if they dont then they advert becomes unbelievable and people cant relate to it. Adverts that are not unbelievable will represent our society, in some cases even the unbelievable ones can as they show that our society is comical and can take jokes now more freely than before. Advertising ignores black people and people from ethnic minorities. This question can not be yes or no as life isnt black and white, so neither can this question be, as it deals with life deeply. Life isnt that simple and the answer to this question cannot be either. Some adverts will, some will not, you can have no definite answer. It is dependant on a few variables, these are : What kind of audience the advert is shown to Whether or not the audience finds the advert offensive Which place it is shown in Whether or not the advert was meant to be racist or ignore ethnic minorities These affect the outcome of the answer greatly, one of the major problems here is that in Folkestone black people may be a minority, but in London they are probably not, this will also affect whether or not people feel the advert is racist or not. Examples of adverts that do ignore black people and people from ethnic minorities are : 1. ) The Oxo advert with the family contains only white people and totally ignores those from ethnic minorities and black people. However if you were a white person watching this you may feel nothing, but to a black person this could be very racist. However I dont think they meant for it to be a racist advert, but it does ignore ethnic minorities. 2. ) The Kingsmill advert with Mel and Sue ignores black people and people from ethnic minorities and shows a family only with white people. A lot like the Oxo advert it probably didnt mean to be racist and people may find it racist but probably not as it was not intentionally racist. However both of these show families which is probably why they ignore people from ethnic minorities and black people. Not all adverts ignore black people and people form ethnic minorities though, some adverts will go out of their way to include black people in their adverts, examples of these are : 3. ) The Malibu adverts, these are supposed to be set in the Caribbean so they feel they must include black people and ethnic minorities. They show all black people and not a single white person in sight. The audience may see this as racist as it stereotypes black Caribbean people. Although it meant to do this it did not mean for it to be hurtful to anyone. 4.) The adverts for ER on Channel 4 include both black people and white people, however since this is set in New York, black people are not an ethnic minority, but if screened somewhere in England where they are this advert may have a differing effect. This is not racist and does not mean to be so there is no controversy. Again this advert is dependent on variables so there can be no right or wrong, no yes or no. You cannot give an answer to this question, for a whole race on just yes or no, you cant do it as each person is individual and different. Advertising is entertaining This is different to Advertising if Irritating, as an advert can be entertaining, but if shown/spoken too much it can be irritating, so adverts can be both irritating and entertaining. It is also dependant on a few variables, these are : How many times the advert is shown/spoken Which media it is The person listening/watching the advert The time of day/night the advert is shown/spoken at These factors will affect whether or not an advert is irritating or not, and whether it is entertaining or not. Examples of adverts that are entertaining are : 1. ) The Imperial Leather duck advert, this always makes me laugh and is not shown to the extent that it is annoying. The advert is shown at various times throughout the day as well and does not become boring. If it was on radio it would not work, neither would it work on any other format, only TV. However other people may feel the advert is irrelevant and annoying, as this is just my opinion. 2. ) The Siemens C45 advert with the man inside the phone repeating the ringtone, this is funny and is not played too much either and is shown at various time during the day. The added advantage of this advert is that it would work on other types of media, like radio or the Internet, but to still ones EG newspaper. However other people may feel it is irrelevant and annoying. However not all adverts are entertaining, some started as entertaining and are not played too much so become annoying over time, some are just annoying. Examples of adverts that are not entertaining and annoying are : 3. ) The advert with the horses and the surfers for Guinness I found extremely irritating, as it was irrelevant, played too much and useless. Although a good example of computer graphics altogether it was annoying. I remember this advert being on over and over and becoming very frustrating. 4. ) The Hovis adverts started off funny but were played too much and still are, and have become extremely annoying and are really irritating. They are shown at all times of the day over and over again and are becoming increasingly annoying with every time I see them. Overall you cannot say that all adverts are either annoying or entertaining as they depend on variables and most importantly the person watching as each person is different and individual and has differing views on what is and what isnt entertaining.

Western vision and American values. Western notions of freedom and Essay

Western vision and American values. Western notions of freedom and democracy - Essay Example This question requires the discussion of the notion of the Rule of law and how it has developed within and through the Western Notions of freedom and democracy. My discussion explores the position vis a vis the two great democratic nations which have led the world in their quest for human rights and whose legal and political systems are deemed to be the envy of the world.It has often been said that the modern American Constitution along with the Declaration of Independence is a result of Lockean Ideals of Liberalism(that is John Locke’s Concepts based on liberty, freedom, instituting government, and the right to alter that government.).However proponents of the heavy influence of British/European ideals (Gary Wills for example) have argued that a much more important role in this regard has been played by Scottish philosophers ,the Dutch and more importantly Britain.(Kavka 1986:45).Thomas G. West (2003:95) has summarized the position with regards to John Locke’s ideals t hus by way of stating,According to Sheldon the Declaration of Rights reflects â€Å"three dominant ideologies present during the American revolution and the founding of the American republic. These political philosophies were British liberalism†¦Classical Republicanism†¦and Christianity,† It can be seen that the Western Ideals of Government and Democracy are directly a result of the way ancient Roman and European philosophers sought to understand the human nature by the concept of the â€Å"state of nature.† "state of nature." (Kavka 1986:87).This theory sought to look at human beings after stripping them of all their societal attributes, in the hope of uncovering their common characteristics.(Jean 1986:46) Through this theory they hoped to discover an effective theory of Government.For Hobbes man is purely motivated by self interest and in his notion of the state of nature all humans are competing with each other .(Jean 1986:58).For Locke of the state of nature reveals the obligations of humans to each other in terms of natural rights to life, liberty and property. In contrast for Rousseau in line with the tradition of the modern natural law there was a need to answer the "challenge of scepticism" and this would require a step by step approach to human nature based on self interest. (Jean 1986:69).For Hobbes men are politically obligated to each other based on their own selfish interests which is their state of nature. The notion of the state of nature assumes that it is each man for hi mself out there and every man is vulnerable. This he shows is not a desirable "state" to be in at all and therefore there is a need of an invisible assurance of security.For him this state of " perpetual and unavoidable war", will cause anarchy and will not benefit anyone.(Kavka 1986:87).Here he brings in his notions of the social contract which will help this society to restore stability and create a civil society. The first and most important law of nature commands that each man be willing to pursue peace when others are willing to do the same, all the while retaining the right to continue to pursue war when others do not pursue peace. The enforcement of the social contract thus involves the establishment of a society and the imbuement of one or many individuals with a sovereign status in order to "enforce and maintain" this contract. For Rousseau's the idea of the State of Nature takes a historic approach to this idea and mankind's progression into the civil society. He goes back to the historic state of nature for men and terms it as a peaceful time with a simple life for human kind. There was no competition as there was little population and plenty of resources. Armed conflict was barely there and people had little interaction with each other.For him human nature has corrupted into