Beliefs and Ideals of Democrats and Republicans - 954 Words

Decisions and Actions Democratic-Republican Partys Beliefs and Ideals Federalist Partys Beliefs and Ideals Initiated the first Barbary War Aligned most with the Federalists party because it was a display of national power. They were terrified of a strong national government. They were strong believers of a central government Bought the Louisiana Purchase Aligned most with the Federalist party because they believed in expanding national power by expanding their territory and property. They understood the Constitution as being an essential document to limit the powers of the federal government. They believed that listening to the citizens would make for a weak government system. Initiated the Lewis and Clark Expedition Aligned most with the Democratic-Republican party because it was in the best interest of the people who would be settling there. It also provided insight into the agricultural possibilities in that part of the nation. They believed that the United States economy should have been based on agriculture. They thought that the governments main purpose was to provide order. Signed the Military Peace Establishment Act Aligned more with the Federalist party because it established a military presence in the United States, which is what their party believed in. The party believed in the right to vote for all White men, even if they were not property owners. They thought that the elite would be the best qualified to run the government. Established WestShow MoreRelatedThe Political Positions Of The Democratic And Republican Parties Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies and political positions of the Democratic and Republican parties on the major issues that or government is having such as the healthcare, the role of government, gun control, entitlements, immigration, taxes, abortion and gay rights and many other issues that or country is going throw. 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Republican and Democratic parties are two of the nations oldest political parties however, when they originated the Republican party was the Democratic party that we have today and the Democratic party was the Conservative party we have today. To put that in simpler terms, the Democratic party were the Confederates in the civil war while the Republican party was the Union. Democrats of that time favored a limited government, supportedRead MoreDemocrats and Republicans in the US Congress are as ideologically consistent and distinct as they1500 Words   |  6 PagesDemocrats and Republicans in the US Congress are as ideologically consistent and distinct as they have been at any point. Both houses in the US congress have become more ideologically polarized in the past few years. 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Moral Dilemas in Shakespeare´s Macbeth Essay - 1042 Words

Shakespeare encompasses a large amount of modern day television, movies, and books. Authors draw influence from his majestic writings and directors rave about creating dramas that entrance and capture an audience’s attentions, as Shakespeare has with the masses. Why, however, has Shakespeare resonated in modern day society while other also affluent authors have faded into irrelevance? The answer ultimately lies in Shakespeare’s ability to write heart wrenching plays that center around moral dilemmas that the everyman experiences. The universality of Shakespeare’s work, in this case particularly Macbeth, stems from his portrayal of the common moral struggles humanity faces; how as a species the distinct, savage, and innate feelings humans†¦show more content†¦Macbeth curses â€Å"the curtained sleep† that â€Å"witchcraft celebrates† that brings about evil thoughts in his mind during his reflections. The prophecy of the witches obviously has already built a heavy toll on Macbeth’s life and the future in store for him. Macbeth suffers from the common id, ego, super-ego conflict (popularized in later literature by Sigmund Freud). Macbeth’s id or the impulsive side of his conscience, urges him to listen to his wife, to succumb to the â€Å"wicked dreams† of power fueled by his jealousy for the crown. His id is fueled by the innate savage instincts humans have, rarely governed by the normal rationality. However, he is counseled by his super-ego (the good-side of his conscience). The super-ego emphasizes rationality and internalized cultural values. In previous passages he was seen telling Lady Macbeth that the King was already kind enough to reward him with a new title after the war and that he should not pursue the plot anymore. Furthermore, after his reflections on evil and the prophecy the actual thought of murder literally crosses his mind. Macbeth states, â€Å"†¦ and withered murder, Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf, whose howl’s his watch†¦ towards his design Moves like a ghost† (2.1.52-56). Macbeth’s resolve grows and he no longer doubts the irrationality of his actions. He is blinded by the â€Å"wicked dreams† he fears and imagines a personified murder (strangely as a â€Å"withered† old man) and his

Refugees - Asylum Seekers in Australia

Question: Discuss about theRefugees, Asylum Seekers in Australia. Answer: Introduction Forced migration leads to the category of people known as refugees and asylum seeker. Several of these people remain housed in the detention centres for several years and this leads to their poor mental health and psychological condition (Kirmayer et al., 2011). The experience undergone by the people as a refugee is a traumatic experience in general, and it is not just limited to the Australian continent. The psychological experiences can have a degrading effect on these refugees in question, which may lead to conditions such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Schweitzer et al., 2011). PTSD is very common among them however; there are several other physical conditions, which affect the refugees and the asylum seekers such as obesity, hypertension, depression, anxiety disorder as well as anaemia (Newman, Proctor Dudley, 2013). It must not be disregarded that these refugees must be treated with respect and dignity as any human being deserves. This essay outlines the different s teps which can be taken in order to curb the mental problems that the refugees and the asylum seekers face in Australia. The proposed solutions are not only limited to the Australian context, but also can be applied in the global aspect. The challenge, which is faced by the health workers in dealing with the refugees and the asylum seekers in Australia, can be overcome by taking into accordance several steps. However, before the essay delves deeper into it, a basic difficulty faced by the health workers needs a mention and that is the communication gap (Suurmond et al., 2010). These migrants are most of the times not native speakers of English, and their cultural beliefs too is not alike. It becomes tricky to comprehend most of the times to diagnose the health issues they might be facing and due to difference in their cultures; sometimes it becomes equally demanding to impart proper treatment to them (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014). This difficulty can be easily triumphed over by hiring interpreters who would be explaining it to the migrants and the refugees how it works. In certain scenarios, the refugees can be introduced to already settled families of the same culture who have been residing in Australia for some time an d thereby equipping the refugees with the necessary guidelines to make through (Henley Robinson, 2011). As a nurse, the help of trained and efficient interpreters can help in assessing the mental health of the refugees and asylum seeker better. It would result into swifter diagnosis and faster recovery. Once the language and cultural barrier has been addressed, next come the point where the health workers need to address the psychological status of the refugees by identifying whether they have been exposed to conditions prior to the migration (Zion, Briskman Loff, 2010). For instance, the refugees can hail from war-ridden parts of the world. Hence, for such people, it would be very common among them to be affected by traumatic stress. The effects of such stress can be result of torture too which they might have faced. Factors such as situation of violence, war even exile can lead to traumatic effects on the asylum seekers and the refugees and hence, they must be identified and paid heed to first (Nickerson et al., 2011). The needs of such people are different and must be catered too by experienced psychiatrists to make sure that they recover faster rather than brood and suffer in isolation. The refugees must be nursed to good health with the help of regular counselling sessions whe re they can freely communicate about the problems and fears that they are facing. In this way they can grow above their anxiety and embrace the culture of Australia. Asylum seekers and refugees are placed in detention centres not only in Australia, but also in several other countries across the globe. These detention centres are not equipped to cater to the needs and the harsh conditions that they face, force them into depression (Bauer Alegria, 2010). Not only depression the stressful condition of the detention centres even leads the inhabitants into committing suicides. Governmental bodies such as Australian College of Mental Health Nurses (ACMHN), Australian Nursing Federation (ANF), Australian Medical Association (AMA) and several other renowned Australian governmental bodies must make the effort in identifying the needs of these refugees (Green Eagar, 2010). As a nurse belonging to these governmental bodies, they must be trained to cater to the needs of the refugees. The nurses must be trained to understand the complexity of the situation of these people where they can provide help to them without being discriminating. A holistic approach is appreciable while dealing with the refugees and the asylum seekers. The model of care must be more penetrative in such a situation where even the basic needs of the refuges are paid heed to. The government must lay stress on developing better resettlement campaigns, which would help the refugees into transitioning smoothly into the normal life of Australia (Dudley et al., 2012). They must be helped to get employment and find a proper place to live where they can access proper health care. The humanitarian groups must monitor their improvements such that the cultural gap can be dissolved sooner and lead to social acceptance among neighbours and fellow employees at the workplace (Newman, 2013). There are several services available for the refugees and asylum seekers, which can provide support to them, namely, Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture, Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, Monash Health Refugee Health Service, Community Health Counselling and several others are there to support the cause of the problems faced by the refugees and the asylum seekers (Johnston, Smith Roydhouse, 2012). A bond needs to be developed in between the resettlement groups and the menta l health service providers. They should pay heed to the idea that a joint effort from their side can only prove to be helpful when it comes to introducing the refugees as well as the asylum seekers into adjusting and adapting to the lifestyle of the foreign land. The idea of migration to a new place is definitely intimidating especially when everything around one is purely foreign. It becomes difficult for the refugees and the asylum seekers to find jobs and be accepted by the society given the difference in the culture. The society must come forward and try to make the transition of the refugees into future fellow citizens of the state, into a comfortable one. Children and young adolescents are the ones amongst the refugees and the asylum seekers that are affected the most. Most of the times these children are not assisted by their parents and a disturbed childhood like theirs make them more prone to developing a tendency of self-harm. Care must be taken to make sure that these children are soon put into Childcare based bodies which can cater better to their needs rather than allowing them to fend on their own. With the help of proper and adequate support as well as assistance, the refuges can lead a better life and not inflict self-harm due to the discrimination that they face in the new land. A sense of belongingness must be developed among them and the responsibility solely lies on the shoulder of the society. References: Bauer, A. M., Alegra, M. (2010). Impact of patient language proficiency and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: a systematic review.Psychiatric Services,61(8), 765-773. Dudley, M., Steel, Z., Mares, S., Newman, L. (2012). Children and young people in immigration detention.Current opinion in psychiatry,25(4), 285-292. Green, J. P., Eagar, K. (2010). The health of people in Australian immigration detention centres.Med J Aust,192(2), 65-70. Hadgkiss, E. J., Renzaho, A. M. (2014). The physical health status, service utilisation and barriers to accessing care for asylum seekers residing in the community: a systematic review of the literature.Australian Health Review,38(2), 142-159. Henley, J., Robinson, J. (2011). Mental health issues among refugee children and adolescents.Clinical Psychologist,15(2), 51-62. Johnston, V., Smith, L., Roydhouse, H. (2012). The health of newly arrived refugees to the Top End of Australia: results of a clinical audit at the Darwin Refugee Health Service.Australian Journal of Primary Health,18(3), 242-247. Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., ... Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care.Canadian Medical Association Journal,183(12), E959-E967. Newman, L. (2013). Seeking asylumtrauma, mental health, and human rights: An Australian perspective.Journal of Trauma Dissociation,14(2), 213-223. Newman, L., Proctor, N., Dudley, M. (2013). Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care.Australasian Psychiatry,21(4), 315-320. Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Silove, D., Steel, Z. (2011). A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees.Clinical psychology review,31(3), 399-417. Schweitzer, R. D., Brough, M., Vromans, L., Asic-Kobe, M. (2011). Mental health of newly arrived Burmese refugees in Australia: contributions of pre-migration and post-migration experience.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,45(4), 299-307. Suurmond, J., Seeleman, C., Rupp, I., Goosen, S., Stronks, K. (2010). Cultural competence among nurse practitioners working with asylum seekers.Nurse education today,30(8), 821-826. Zion, D., Briskman, L., Loff, B. (2010). Returning to history: The ethics of researching asylum seeker health in Australia.The American Journal of Bioethics,10(2), 48-56.

Sales Promotion Energy Drink Study free essay sample

It is widely believed that energy drinks have been an integral part of beverage in UK market. Consumers can commonly buy energy drinks in a number of places such as supermarkets, grocery stores, corner shops or even convenient shop in petrol stations over UK. A report from Independent indicates that the growth of market for energy and sports drinks has increased b nearly 20 per cent from 2009 and it is anticipated to reach ? 1. 1 billion market value per year and there has been 209 new energy drinks launched in the past five years in the UK. Mintel also reports that the industry could be worth nearly ? 2 billion by 2016. Energy drinks are functional, non-alcoholic, often lightly carbonated beverages, designed to give the consumer a burst of energy by the addition of a number of energy enhancing ingredients, most notably caffeine. Popular brands of energy drinks such as Lucozade Energy and Red Bull deliver a dose of caffeine equivalent to a cup of coffee, while their more potent competitors Relentless and Monster – marketed to extreme sports fanatics – can contain twice that amount, around 160mg per can (Independent, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Promotion Energy Drink Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nowadays there around 73 per cent of 16- to 24-year-olds young people drink them regularly and most say they simply like the taste, market analysts Mintel said. Moreover, two-thirds of those aged 16 to 24 questioned by the researchers said the energy drinks improved their performance at work or while studying. The purpose of this study is to analyse and discuss the use and effectiveness of sales promotion on energy beverages and investigate how these brands are doing with their promotions onto existing products to effectively enhance their awareness and market share. It will be done into four parts. In the first paragraph it will show the methodology planned by implementing secondary research from authentic resources such as Mintel, online articles and professional reports, books and articles etc. Following by an overview of current promotional marketing in UK energy drinks industry, it will be written in the second paragraph and the content will compare the difference of promotions applied among dominated energy drink brands: Lucozade Energy, Red Bull, Monster and Relentless etc. and analyse how the most used marketing skills of promotion target consumers’ purchases to gain their attraction. In the third part, it will indicate the key findings in relation to sales promotion and select promotions in good and poor views, then finally to suggest which method would be a good way in the future. 2. Methodology: This section contains the techniques that were employed in this market study process. For the purpose of this study the secondary research method and actual fieldwork were mainly utilized with its critically selected data collection methods from authentic resources such as Mintel, owned media, professional reports, and articles etc. This will enable the research process to be tackled comprehensively in order to draw the right conclusion. It was decided to investigate some representative energy drink brands chosen from this sector. They were: * Red Bull * Lucozade Energy * Monster The chosen energy drink brands target on extreme sports enthusiasts, students and teenagers who have energy needs, and also some of other brands try to attract the video game crowd. Top energy drinks by brand are Red bull in first place, followed by Lucozade Energy, and Monster. Other brands like Relentless, managed and marketed by the Coca-Cola Company are relatively moderate in UK promotional activities. Overall the target market for energy drinks is mostly male teenagers and sports enthusiasts. The frequency and occurrence of sales promotion: During the period of this study there were a number of special events implicated, for example, sport events and festivals in spring and summer, Easter holiday, the Queens Jubilee, football EURO 2012 and 2012 London Olympic Games. This report will investigate the relevant promotional activities with different time in the next part and examine how those brands use promotional tactics to net the competitive energy drink market in the UK. 3. Analysis 3. 1 Comparison of the different promotions (April – June) This analysis revealed that all the producers contained a mixture of sales promotional, brand advertising, and PR activity in different occasions. As per secondary research, Red Bull did the most number of promotional activities such as advertising and PR events. Lucozade also did a number of advertising and PR events. They used similar tactics. However, Monster carried the most number of sales promotions but it constantly using price promotion and also competition games to the teen-aged market in order to get the target involved, because Monster Energy got relatively lower brand image and value from the other two competitors. No matter which brands they all use â€Å"price discount† to boost short term sales and provide price-pack deal or prize promotion as a bargain to gain more market share in this industry   It appears that all three brands different promotional strategy but the same tendency is that they did more marketing activities when the time is close to summer and some festivals. . 2 Promotional Marketing Overview of Energy Drink Since there are number of brands and similar products in energy drink industry marketplace, it is preferably to promote products through different means to obtain consumer’s attention. One of which is undertaking sales promotion. Sales promotion can be defined as ‘’a marketing initiative the purpose of which is to drive a call to action that has a direct impact on the behaviour of the brand’s target audience by offering a demonstrable benefit. ’’ (West, 2012, p. 6) Here are some examples of prevalent sales romotions activities as well known in energy drink market: * Price Promotion / Price-pack deal: When browsing in supermarkets or grocery stores the price reduction and pack discount are commonly seen to stimu late shopper’s purchase. Occasionally the price promotion comes up with price drop, discount-off packs, and buy one get one free (BOGOF) or buy more pay less. The promotional price reduction had been constantly conducted by many brands to boost short term sales growth and it can significantly influence on consumer’s purchase behaviour. Free Sample/ Point-of-sale displays Promotion It is widely believed that free sample or a trial of energy drink is often offered on streets and events as a firm’s promotional strategy and usually seen in stores where energy drink brands would seasonally offer a promotional new flavour or package of product or money-saving discount to motivate sales. A number of brands like Powerade, lucozade and Monster Energy used to adopt the method to boost their new products and promote the sales and brand awareness. Free sample can have a significant value that consumer can be aware of the new product and urge a trial as the sample is free. Nevertheless, there might be a risk that consumer think they do not like the taste or quality of the product and cause a negative impression. Moreover, with a strongly colourful and a sensational display used by general energy drinks point-of-purchase can capture consumer’s attention and reach a profitable increase of purchase. Point-of-purchase can assist to improve with building an image for the brands as reported by a (Ioana, C amp; Aline, T 2008). In some big supermarkets in the UK like Sainsbury, Morrison etc. many energy drinks are displayed at point-of-purchase to attract shopper’s eyes. * Prize Promotions It can be argued that prize promotion is the most broadly used as a sale promotion to energy drink industry of the UK. Prize promotion is not a promotion of free item. There is no such a guarantee for prize promotion when consumers take part with it. Some companies like Relentless, Rockstar have their promotions giving participants a chance to win tickets for a umber of events and festivals. As well as the general prize promotion of energy drinks from time to time are designed as a competition or game to win rewards or to give incentives. It can be the question plus slogan which is the most common type of test in a competition. 4. Selected Promotions The effectiveness and the efficiency of promotional strategy should be evaluated critically. It is crucial that if the promotional expenditure can optimise to target a firm’s marketing objective. This section will compare and look into the effectiveness and the efficiency from two selected promotional skills and also the PR activity during the time period. 4. 1 Promotion No. 1: Lucozade Energy launches festivals campaign 2012 Taking an aerial view of energy drink market, prize promotion or free item competition is currently used by most energy drink companies. As Thedrum (2012) reported that Lucozade Energy recently launched a new marketing campaign offering customers the chance to win tickets to some of the summers biggest music festivals in the UK. The Win a Festival Road Trip campaign features five limited edition bottles promoting the V Festival, T in the Park, Latitude, Global Gathering and Beach Break Live. Lucozade will be giving music fans the chance to win tickets to each of these festivals and chauffer-driven transport in a reconditioned VW camper van. This promotion is related to youth market to get young people engaged and start from the time close to the summer vacation when most students and young people have more spare time to get involved with its promotional activities. The ? 2m campaign will include outdoor creative, digital and promotional activities such as sampling and experiential event at all of the festivals. It will run alongside a three month radio partnership with Kiss FM starting in March. These platforms provide the well opportunity to reach a wide range of consumers and inject excitement and consumer relevance into the brand. However, the drawback of prize promotion can be impacted by the law as shown in Mullin’s study (2010) that ‘’prize promotion are heavily regulated by British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion, the Lotteries and Amusement Act 1976, the Gambling Act 2005, and by other legislation that is far from simple to interpret. ’’ It is apparently recognised that the prize promotion is dynamically attractive to consumers. Consequently, prize promotion is worthy taking by marketers as long as they play it safe. 4. 2 Promotion No. 2: Coupon/ free mail-in promotion While price promotion is a powerful and effective method to produce immediate short term positive results, it may be not a cure for a bad product. It seems price-conscious consumers are more likely to spend time to claim the savings, coupons as a form of price discrimination, enabling retailers to offer a lower price only targeting deal sensitive buyers. Alternatively most of energy brands such as Monster, Powerade and Relentless provide a free mail-in for obtaining free voucher, sample or even valuable products. But the drawback is that costumers need to collect the number of proofs of purchase to obtain the items and it may waste time and may only benefit for those customers who drink very often and regularly. Coupons have pros and cons that make them popular with sales promotion tools for both new and existing products. The following chart shows the advantages and disadvantages of coupon. Therefore, price promotion can enhance short and immediate sales but in terms of building loyalty, it is hard to retain the consumers who are preferable for other premium products like Red Bull and it is difficult to track the time that how consumers will use coupons as a purchase. Coupons have pros and cons that make them popular with sales promotion tools for both new and existing products. The following chart shows the advantages and disadvantages of coupon. Therefore, price promotion can enhance short and immediate sales but in terms of building loyalty, it is hard to retain the consumers who are preferable for other premium products like Red Bull and it is difficult to track the time that how consumers will use coupons as a purchase. Figure 1: Advantages and disadvantages of coupon promotion (Sources: George E. Belch, Michael A. Belch (2007), Advertising and Promotion-an integrated marketing communications perspective, 7th edition) . 3 Relevant events and successful PR activities Brands of energy drink embrace their innovation within promotional activities and as such are able to create a lasting impression on younger consumers. To meet the needs of its customers, a number of energy drink brands communicate with their target audience through numerous promotional events and activities in related to physical competitions, extreme sports, modern music festivals, night c lubs, parties which most youths engage in their exercise. Red Bull Crashed Ice World Championship 2012 The energy drink maker used mobile to promote and drive registrants for its annual Red Bull Crashed Iced World Championship event, which combined ice hockey, downhill skating and boardercross and took place on March 15 2012 in Quebec City, Canada. The mobile campaign targeted males between 18 and 35 years old across Canada who are interested in skating, hockey and other winter sports. Red Bull Crashed Ice broke new ground in 2012, as more than 200,000 spectators witnessed four exciting ice cross downhill races in Europe and North America which set a new standard for competition. In this event, the Canada division of Red Bull worked with mobile social network companies on a campaign to drive registrations for the event. The campaign generated more than four million mobile impressions and over 10 percent of total event registrants came directly from mobile. Additionally, 27 percent of registrants engaged with mobile during the event. The company reports that the campaigns mobile ad buy resulted in 4,000,000 brand impressions in mobile, converting to 8,000 clicks. Additionally, there were 9 percent QR code conversion off of printed flyers, 39,000 social impressions, with 13 percent of campaign shares shared across Twitter versus 83 percent on Facebook. (Mobilemarketer, 2012) This creative campaign seems not only successfully to impress the brand essence and enhance the brand value to the target audience with the well use of media relations but also produced some of the best action ever seen on ice. 5. Budget and ROI As explained by Mullin that ‘’the only justification for spending money on promotional activity is that it will achieve marketing objectives that contribute to long-term growth in profits. ’ (2010, p. 107) The basic factors of budgeting for sales promotion are as follows: * Promotional packs: The number of packs usually sold over the period of time that the campaign will run for + plus adjustment for impact of the campaign * Proofs of purchase: Average level of purchase of the category * Opportunities to apply ( OTA): The number of promotional packs divided by the proofs of purchase * Redemption rate: Often based on certain assumptions like attractiveness of premium, ratio proof / purchase frequency or support given to promotion * Cost: Everything would be charged in campaign

Internet Essays (2669 words) - Negotiation, Dispute Resolution

Internet 1.0 INTRODUCTION Negotiation is a common word that always appears in our personal and professional lives. Business is also negotiating. From the day you start thinking about having your own company, you are negotiating every step of the way. We negotiate when we buy office furniture, or when we do a project with co-worker, or when we are dealing with customers or even business partners. You will pay a price if you do not recognise the process for negotiation. Sometimes it is easy to negotiate, but other times, when we have a great deal at stake or we are upset, the task can be intimidating or difficult. In this paper, we are going to talk about what negotiation is, some stages, rules, strategies, etc. that can help you work and negotiate more effectively with your customer, co-workers, and boss. Also, they are also applicable to other interpersonal situations. (http://members.nbci.com/_XMCM/cooperate/neg.htm) & (http://www.findarticles.com/cf_1/m1471/n3_v20/20350497/print.jhtml) 2.0 FINDINGS 2.1 What negotiation means Negotiation is the process through which two or more parties seek an acceptable rate of exchange for items they own or control. (Meredith & Mantel, 2000, p.229) Negotiation is a field of knowledge and endeavor that focuses on gaining the favor of people from whom we want things. (Meredith & Mantel, 2000, p.229) Negotiating is an inter-personal process. Each negotiating situation is different and influenced by each partys skills, attitudes and style. Understanding the negotiation process and the party involved with allow us to manage negotiation easier in satisfying both parties interest. Increase your salary; get you a better position; gather support for your project or department; gain approval for a budget; and improve your chance for success on the job are the reasons for negotiation. You will benefit through the process of negotiation if you success at the end. Therefore, it pays to overcome your aversion to haggling and your negotiating skills will be improved through the entire process. (http://www.findarticles.com/cf_1/m1471/n3_v20/20350497/print.jhtml) & (http://www.smartbiz.com/sbs/arts/bly60.htm) 2.2 Types of Negotiation Within Organization 2.2.1 Horizontal or In-Team Negotiations STAFF (PARTY A) STAFF (PARTY B) (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) This type of negotiation refers to negotiations within group. Examples of this type of negotiation include assigning project responsibility, project meeting date and time, etc.) 2.2.2 Vertical Negotiations (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) This type of negotiation refers to negotiations within organization. Normally this type of negotiations occurs between Manager to Staff, Management to Manager, Staff to Customers, etc. 2.2.3 External Negotiations (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) This type of negotiation includes some external bodies such as Government, Trade Associations, etc. Company policy and Trade policy are examples of the issues to be negotiated. 2.2.4 Others Other types of negotiations include spokesperson negotiations, subcommittee negotiations, and multilateral negotiations, which are normally, occur in an informal private conference between staff. Member 1 in Party A have an informal conversation with Member 1 in Party B is an example of informal private conference. (http://www.lead.org/lead/training/international/usa/1999/docs/papers/effective_negotiation_techniques.htm) 2.3 Possible outcomes of Negotiation 2.3.1 Integrative (Win-Win) Integrative refers to a type of negotiation outcomes, which is a both sides WIN situation. Both parties cooperate in the negotiation process to maximize and distribute resources fairly to achieve mutual benefits. Integrative outcome is an ideal outcome that can maintain relationship with others for further development. (http://www.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/negot3.htm) 2.3.2 Distributive (Win-Lose) Distributive refers to a type of negotiation outcomes, which are one side WIN and one side LOSE. The main reason of ending up a Win-Lose situation is one persons interests oppose the others and to maximise ones own interests. The dominant strategies in this mode include manipulation, forcing, and withholding information. (http://www.cba.neu.edu/~ewertheim/interper/negot3.htm) 2.4 Types of negotiators Negotiation is always affected by the personality of the negotiators. There are 2 main types of negotiator personality. They are: 2.4.1 Autocratic Negotiators Autocratic Negotiators clearly understand what they want and need in the negotiation process. But very often, you will find this type of negotiators fail to negotiate effectively because they do not have the ability to listen the need of the other party to figure the big picture of the negotiation issue. (http://www.onlinewbc.org/Docs/manage/negotiating.html) 2.4.2 Accommodating Negotiators Accommodating Negotiators are more concerned about what the other party want than their own needs. Accommodating Negotiators try to avoid argue and conflict arise in the negotiation process by giving certain amount of compromise, sometimes even override their own interest. (http://www.onlinewbc.org/Docs/manage/negotiating.html) 2.4.3 Good Negotiators The project manager must be a highly skilled negotiator in order to meet the high demands of a job of a project manager. A good/highly skilled negotiator

The Malibu adverts Essay Example

The Malibu adverts Essay Example The Malibu adverts Essay The Malibu adverts Essay These variables will affect the answer, as each person is different so these variables help to conclude an answer for each person. Examples of how advertising leads people into debts are : 1. ) QVC and other shopping channels tell you the product is useful and is needed. They advertise it well and tell you, you can afford it whatever your economic situation. People also dont realise how much they are spending on their credit card until its too late and they are in debt. They will then go to a bank and will fail to pay back the money there as well, once people get into debt they get further and further unless they get out early. 2. ) DFS adverts entice you in, you pay a little each month and you get a sofa or 3s of these are : 3. ) Baines and Ernst, they pay off your debts and then you pay them so much each month, they sort out all of your economic problems and are a strong reputable business. However the same can apply for them, but they can adjust your payments if you have changed in 6 months time. Although sometimes you can fall in debt here, they are meant to help. The adverts on TV tell you 9/10 people say this service had a positive effect on their life. 4. ) Lombard Direct will give you a loan for anything from i 8,000 to i 15,000, this can help you pay off debts and only pay back one company, this helps as you can then get on with your life. Although this can also lead you into further debts but is there to help you. Their adverts on TV are on all the time and are easy to remember. The problem with debt is you have to have a secure job and house first before you even consider borrowing money, also put some away before even considering borrowing money off big company or bank. This way you will not be drawn into debt. There is no definite answer as all people are individual economically as well. Advertising reflects the sort of society we live in. This again is a question based on a few principles, they are : Which advert it is What a persons view of our society is These views matter when it comes to answering a question like this. If the advert is stupid like the Andrex one then it will not reflect the kind of society we live in, if like the Baines and Ernst one then it may reflect the kind of society we live in. It also depends on what peoples perception of our society is, OAPs will probably have a totally different view of society from someone in their 30s or a teenager. Examples of adverts that reflect the kind of society we live in are : 1. ) The Army adverts show that the army needs people to join, this shows the society we live in is one with a great need or a military power still. The same can probably be said for the navy and the air force. It shown that our society reaches for fists first, talk later. This was the Israeli Palestinian wars still going on, and also the Afghanistan conflict against the Taliban and Al-Queda forces. This in a way symbolises that people have no patriotism. 2. ) The various debt adverts offering people money also reflect the society we live in, they show people get into debt problems easier and now have much higher materialistic needs now then ever before. Shopping channels dont help this situation either, they only add to peoples materialistic needs by offering them things cheap and easy, this may have people overdrawing their credit cards. However not all adverts reflect what sort of society we live in, examples of these are: 3. ) The Imperial Leather advert which has the dancing duck doesnt reflect the sort of society we live in but tells you that Imperial Leather is a rich soap with lots of lather. Therefore this advert shows nothing about the sort of society we live in but that Imperial Leather is a good soap. 4.) Adverts on the radio for cheap conservatories are another example of how our society is not always reflected by adverts, this just tells you, you can get a cheap conservatory, however it does in a way show the materialistic side of our society. Overall adverts will try to represent our society because if they dont then they advert becomes unbelievable and people cant relate to it. Adverts that are not unbelievable will represent our society, in some cases even the unbelievable ones can as they show that our society is comical and can take jokes now more freely than before. Advertising ignores black people and people from ethnic minorities. This question can not be yes or no as life isnt black and white, so neither can this question be, as it deals with life deeply. Life isnt that simple and the answer to this question cannot be either. Some adverts will, some will not, you can have no definite answer. It is dependant on a few variables, these are : What kind of audience the advert is shown to Whether or not the audience finds the advert offensive Which place it is shown in Whether or not the advert was meant to be racist or ignore ethnic minorities These affect the outcome of the answer greatly, one of the major problems here is that in Folkestone black people may be a minority, but in London they are probably not, this will also affect whether or not people feel the advert is racist or not. Examples of adverts that do ignore black people and people from ethnic minorities are : 1. ) The Oxo advert with the family contains only white people and totally ignores those from ethnic minorities and black people. However if you were a white person watching this you may feel nothing, but to a black person this could be very racist. However I dont think they meant for it to be a racist advert, but it does ignore ethnic minorities. 2. ) The Kingsmill advert with Mel and Sue ignores black people and people from ethnic minorities and shows a family only with white people. A lot like the Oxo advert it probably didnt mean to be racist and people may find it racist but probably not as it was not intentionally racist. However both of these show families which is probably why they ignore people from ethnic minorities and black people. Not all adverts ignore black people and people form ethnic minorities though, some adverts will go out of their way to include black people in their adverts, examples of these are : 3. ) The Malibu adverts, these are supposed to be set in the Caribbean so they feel they must include black people and ethnic minorities. They show all black people and not a single white person in sight. The audience may see this as racist as it stereotypes black Caribbean people. Although it meant to do this it did not mean for it to be hurtful to anyone. 4.) The adverts for ER on Channel 4 include both black people and white people, however since this is set in New York, black people are not an ethnic minority, but if screened somewhere in England where they are this advert may have a differing effect. This is not racist and does not mean to be so there is no controversy. Again this advert is dependent on variables so there can be no right or wrong, no yes or no. You cannot give an answer to this question, for a whole race on just yes or no, you cant do it as each person is individual and different. Advertising is entertaining This is different to Advertising if Irritating, as an advert can be entertaining, but if shown/spoken too much it can be irritating, so adverts can be both irritating and entertaining. It is also dependant on a few variables, these are : How many times the advert is shown/spoken Which media it is The person listening/watching the advert The time of day/night the advert is shown/spoken at These factors will affect whether or not an advert is irritating or not, and whether it is entertaining or not. Examples of adverts that are entertaining are : 1. ) The Imperial Leather duck advert, this always makes me laugh and is not shown to the extent that it is annoying. The advert is shown at various times throughout the day as well and does not become boring. If it was on radio it would not work, neither would it work on any other format, only TV. However other people may feel the advert is irrelevant and annoying, as this is just my opinion. 2. ) The Siemens C45 advert with the man inside the phone repeating the ringtone, this is funny and is not played too much either and is shown at various time during the day. The added advantage of this advert is that it would work on other types of media, like radio or the Internet, but to still ones EG newspaper. However other people may feel it is irrelevant and annoying. However not all adverts are entertaining, some started as entertaining and are not played too much so become annoying over time, some are just annoying. Examples of adverts that are not entertaining and annoying are : 3. ) The advert with the horses and the surfers for Guinness I found extremely irritating, as it was irrelevant, played too much and useless. Although a good example of computer graphics altogether it was annoying. I remember this advert being on over and over and becoming very frustrating. 4. ) The Hovis adverts started off funny but were played too much and still are, and have become extremely annoying and are really irritating. They are shown at all times of the day over and over again and are becoming increasingly annoying with every time I see them. Overall you cannot say that all adverts are either annoying or entertaining as they depend on variables and most importantly the person watching as each person is different and individual and has differing views on what is and what isnt entertaining.

Western vision and American values. Western notions of freedom and Essay

Western vision and American values. Western notions of freedom and democracy - Essay Example This question requires the discussion of the notion of the Rule of law and how it has developed within and through the Western Notions of freedom and democracy. My discussion explores the position vis a vis the two great democratic nations which have led the world in their quest for human rights and whose legal and political systems are deemed to be the envy of the world.It has often been said that the modern American Constitution along with the Declaration of Independence is a result of Lockean Ideals of Liberalism(that is John Locke’s Concepts based on liberty, freedom, instituting government, and the right to alter that government.).However proponents of the heavy influence of British/European ideals (Gary Wills for example) have argued that a much more important role in this regard has been played by Scottish philosophers ,the Dutch and more importantly Britain.(Kavka 1986:45).Thomas G. West (2003:95) has summarized the position with regards to John Locke’s ideals t hus by way of stating,According to Sheldon the Declaration of Rights reflects â€Å"three dominant ideologies present during the American revolution and the founding of the American republic. These political philosophies were British liberalism†¦Classical Republicanism†¦and Christianity,† It can be seen that the Western Ideals of Government and Democracy are directly a result of the way ancient Roman and European philosophers sought to understand the human nature by the concept of the â€Å"state of nature.† "state of nature." (Kavka 1986:87).This theory sought to look at human beings after stripping them of all their societal attributes, in the hope of uncovering their common characteristics.(Jean 1986:46) Through this theory they hoped to discover an effective theory of Government.For Hobbes man is purely motivated by self interest and in his notion of the state of nature all humans are competing with each other .(Jean 1986:58).For Locke of the state of nature reveals the obligations of humans to each other in terms of natural rights to life, liberty and property. In contrast for Rousseau in line with the tradition of the modern natural law there was a need to answer the "challenge of scepticism" and this would require a step by step approach to human nature based on self interest. (Jean 1986:69).For Hobbes men are politically obligated to each other based on their own selfish interests which is their state of nature. The notion of the state of nature assumes that it is each man for hi mself out there and every man is vulnerable. This he shows is not a desirable "state" to be in at all and therefore there is a need of an invisible assurance of security.For him this state of " perpetual and unavoidable war", will cause anarchy and will not benefit anyone.(Kavka 1986:87).Here he brings in his notions of the social contract which will help this society to restore stability and create a civil society. The first and most important law of nature commands that each man be willing to pursue peace when others are willing to do the same, all the while retaining the right to continue to pursue war when others do not pursue peace. The enforcement of the social contract thus involves the establishment of a society and the imbuement of one or many individuals with a sovereign status in order to "enforce and maintain" this contract. For Rousseau's the idea of the State of Nature takes a historic approach to this idea and mankind's progression into the civil society. He goes back to the historic state of nature for men and terms it as a peaceful time with a simple life for human kind. There was no competition as there was little population and plenty of resources. Armed conflict was barely there and people had little interaction with each other.For him human nature has corrupted into